Kaydia
The arched line between DIFFERENT notes is called a "slur." It's there to tell you to play the notes together as fluidly as possible while keeping them separate and distinct. The arched line between the SAME note is a tie. It tells you to hold the ONE note for the duration of all the notes tied together. Tie a whole note for two measures and you hold that one note for an 8 count. (In standard 4/4 time.)
Phrases are the combination of notes, slurs, ties, and everything else used to form a musical sentence. All the musical notation on the page is just punctuation. They're like commas, hyphens, semi-colons, and all that jazz. Phrases end in periods where the musical line stops and then a new line begins. Unfortunately for us, the use of periods in music is more like a suggestion than a hard fact.
However, an exercise;
Doe, a deer.
A fe male deer.
Becomes;
Do, do-re
re, do, do, re
BUT, on the page those notes look like:
~ A ~ | A-B ~ | B-A A B | ~ B ~| B A-A-|-A A-B
Translated into sounds and including the musical notation you're familiar with (and using a hyphen to indicate a slur):
rest! do rest! | do re rest! | re-do do re | rest! re rest! | re do-do-|-do do-re
Words:
Do | a-deer | A-fe male deer | Re | A drop-of-|-gold en-sun
You can clap it or sing it like it's written and find the phrases. When you do you'll find the melody.